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Depth-dependent effects of crop rotation and monoculture on dissolved organic matter quantity and quality
(Frontiers, 2025) Ren, Tianjing; Debaene, Guillaume; Ukalska-Jaruga, Aleksandra; Smreczak, Bożena
Soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) regulates nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration, yet how cropping systems (rotation vs. monoculture) shape the vertical distribution and molecular traits of DOM remains unclear.
Monitoring Systems of Agricultural Soils Across Europe Regarding the Upcoming European Soil Monitoring Law
(Wiley, 2025) Mason, Eloïse; Cornu, Sophie; Arrouays, Dominique; Fantappiè, Maria; Jones, Arwyn; Götzinger, Sophia; Spiegel, Heide; Oorts, Katrien; Chartin, Caroline; Borůvka, Luboš; Pihlap, Evelin; Putku, Elsa; Heikkinen, Jaakko; Boulonne, Line; Poeplau, Christopher; Marx, Marc; Tagliaferri, Elisa; Vinci, Ialina; Leitāns, Lauris; Armolaitis, Kęstutis; van Egmond, Fenny; Kobza, Jozef; Wetterlind, Johanna; Drobnik, Thomas; Hirte, Juliane; Hefler, József; Smreczak, Bożena; Carvalho Gomes, Lucas; Humlekrog Greve, Mogens; Bispo, Antonio
In Europe, 60%–70% of soils are considered degraded, underscoring the urgent need for consistent monitoring to prevent further degradation and support evidence-based policies for sustainable soil management. Many countries in Europe have implemented one or more soil monitoring systems (SMSs), often established long before the EU-wide “Land Use/Cover Area frame statistical Survey Soil”, LUCAS Soil program. As a result, their sampling strategies and analytical methodologies vary significantly. The proposed EU Directive on Soil Monitoring and Resilience (Soil Monitoring Law, SML) aims to address these differences by establishing a unified framework for systematic soil health monitoring across the EU. This paper assesses the compatibility of the 25 identified SMSs from countries participating in the EJP SOIL Program with the anticipated requirements of the SML. The analysis focuses on critical aspects, including sampling strategies, analytical methods, and data accessibility. Results show significant variability in SMS approaches, including sampling depth, monitored land uses, and analytical methods, which limit cross-system comparability. Despite challenges, opportunities for harmonization include aligning SMSs with the LUCAS Soil methodology, developing transfer functions, and adopting scoring systems for soil health evaluation. Enhanced collaboration and data accessibility are also emphasized as critical for achieving the SML's objectives. This research provides actionable recommendations to harmonise SMSs with the SML framework, promoting coordinated soil monitoring efforts across Europe to support the EU's goal of achieving healthy soils by 2050.
Global pattern and drivers of soil soluble organic nitrogen
(Innovation Press, 2025) Ren, Tianjing; Miao, Tiantian; Li, Xiaofei; Zhang, Wenju; Smreczak, Bożena; Ukalska-Jaruga, Aleksandra; Li, Yu’e; Cai, Andong
Soil soluble organic nitrogen (SON) is a central component of the terrestrial nitrogen cycle, acting as both a precursor to inorganic nitrogen via mineralization and a product of microbial assimilation of inorganic forms. Due to its high solubility and mobility, SON also represents a critical pathway for nitrogen loss and is a key contributor to nitrogen pollution and eutrophication in downstream aquatic ecosystems. Despite its ecological significance, the global distribution and environmental drivers of SON remain poorly understood, largely due to a lack of spatially explicit data. To address this gap, we compiled a comprehensive global SON dataset comprising 5,782 topsoil samples (0-30 cm depth) from 379 published studies, including detailed information on geographic location, climate, and soil properties. Overall, the global SON concentrations ranged from 0.04 to 1034 mg kg-1, with an average concentration of 41.36 mg kg-1. The random forest model could explain 82% of the variations in SON concentrations. Elevation, parent material, and mean annual precipitation emerged as the most influential predictors. Machine learning was used to quantify environmental contributions to SON and predict its global stock, estimated at 2.4 Pg N. The resulting global SON map revealed a distinct latitudinal gradient, with SON concentrations increasing toward higher latitudes. In addition, meta-analysis showed that except for reduced precipitation, biochar, and no-tillage, other global changes increased global SON to varying degrees (-4.45% – 70.71%). This study provides the first global map of SON distribution and identifies key biophysical and environmental controls of SON dynamics.
The Effect of Polyploidisation on the Physiological Parameters, Biochemical Profile, and Tolerance to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses of Plants
(MDPI, 2025) Koziara-Ciupa, Marta; Trojak-Goluch, Anna
Polyploidisation is a very common phenomenon in the plant kingdom and plays a key role in plant evolution and breeding. It promotes speciation and the extension of biodiversity. It is estimated that approximately 47% of flowering plant species are polyploids, derived from two or more diploid ancestral species. In natural populations, the predominant methods of whole-genome multiplication are somatic cell polyploidisation, meiotic cell polyploidisation, or endoreduplication. The formation and maintenance of polyploidy is accompanied by a series of epigenetic and gene expression changes, leading to alterations in the structural, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of polyploids relative to diploids. This article provides information on the mechanisms of formation of natural and synthetic polyploids. It presents a number of examples of the effects of polyploidisation on the composition and content of secondary metabolites of polyploids, providing evidence of the importance of the phenomenon in plant adaptation to the environment, improvement of wild species, and crops. It aims to gather and systematise knowledge on the effects of polyploidisation on plant physiological traits, including stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), light saturation point (LSP), as well as the most important photosynthetic parameters determining biomass accumulation. The text also presents the latest findings on the adaptation of polyploids to biotic and abiotic stresses and explains the basic mechanisms of epigenetic changes determining resistance to selected stress factors.
The potential of nature-based solution for urban soils: focus on green infrastructure and bioremediation
(Frontiers, 2025-08-15) Celletti, Silvia; Poręba, Ludwika; Wawer, Rafał; Padoan, Elio; Comis, Silvia; Bartosiewicz, Beata; Schiavon, Michela
Current Status and Prospects for the Development of Renewable Energy Sources in the Agricultural Sector in Poland
(MDPI, 2025-08-11) Oleszek, Marta; Witorożec-Piechnik, Agata; Radzikowski, Paweł; Matyka, Mariusz
In Poland, renewable energy sources (RESs) are becoming increasingly significant, also in the agricultural sector. Poland has committed to EU energy policies to achieve a 21% share of RESs in gross final energy consumption until 2030. The newest data from 2023 indicates that up to that time, it was 16.56%. The situation is slightly worse in transport, where a 6% share of RESs has been achieved, compared to 14%, which is the target for 2030. The agricultural sector plays a significant role in this transition, as it offers opportunities for bioenergy production, such as biogas and biofuels, derived from agricultural waste and residues, but also by giving a place for photovoltaic panels and windmill farms. While the progress made is evident, challenges persist. This review paper presents the current status and prospects for the development of RESs with particular emphasis on the share of the agricultural sector. To do this, desk research and a literature review have been conducted. The newest statistics have been presented. A significant opportunity for the development of RESs in agriculture lies in harnessing the potential of the raw material base for biogas production, as well as leveraging funding from numerous support programs. A significant opportunity also exists for the development of agrivoltaics. Creating a legal framework for the development of agrivoltaics, as well as creating equal opportunities for all RESs to obtain funding, is a challenge. A major identified challenge that must be addressed, in order to capitalize on the potential of Polish agriculture for the development of RESs, is increasing connection capacity and expanding and modernizing the energy system.
Understanding pedodiversity in the historical park: implications of human impact
(Springer, 2025-08-12) Hulisz, Piotr; Pindral, Sylwia; Dziemińska, Anna; Kot, Rafał; Michalski, Adam; Dąbrowski, Michał; Markiewicz, Maciej
Purpose This research explores how human activity, particularly in historical parks, has influenced soil diversity (pedodiversity) and altered soil properties over time, focusing on the Lubostroń palace park in Poland. Methods In 2019, field research included 34 soil drillings and 7 soil pits, yielding 29 samples analyzed for particle size distribution, pH, CaCO3, TOC, TN, available phosphorus, and magnetic susceptibility. A pedodiversity map was created based on an updated, WRB-reclassified 1:5,000 historical soil-agricultural map, refined using fieldwork, laboratory analyses, and the integration of current land use data. The pedodiversity index (PI) was calculated using Patch Richness and Shannon’s Diversity Index, ranked by the Jenks method, following PCA and bonitation procedures. Results The analyses revealed significant soil modifications, such as deposition of technic hard materials, heap materials, artifacts, and alterations in pH, phosphorus levels, and organic carbon content. These changes reflect diverse historical land uses, including residential, agricultural, and industrial activities. Spatial analyses showed that Brunic Arenosols and Brunic Regosols cover 46% of the park, while heavily transformed Technosols occupy 8.6% in built-up zones. High pedodiversity index values were primarily found in the central and eastern parts of the park, indicating intense anthropogenic influence. Conclusion The study demonstrated that over 200 years of intensive and multidirectional human activity strongly influenced soils in the Lubostroń park. The human impact led to various transformations that shaped the spatial pattern and increased soil diversity (pedodiversity), which was not recorded on the 1:5,000 historical soil-agricultural map. The applied approach enabled a detailed identification of these changes, which may support the reconstruction of past environmental conditions and sustainable park management.
An Innovative Approach for Maximum Recovery of Isoflavones from Glycine max by the Design of Experiments Method
(MDPI, 2025-07-30) Bibow, Aleksandra; Dresler, Sławomir; Oleszek, Marta
Isoflavones are the main phenolic compounds of soybean that affect its biological activity. The quantity of these valuable compounds extracted from plant material can significantly vary, influenced by the chosen extraction method and the specific extractants employed. Moreover, in cosmetics and pharmacy, the application of non-toxic, eco-friendly solvents is very important. This study aimed to develop the best mixture of extractants to maximize the recovery of individual isoflavones from soybean seeds by optimization of the proportion of three components: ethanol, water, and propanediol. The design of experiments (DOE) method was strategically employed. The extracts were obtained through accelerated solvent extraction and meticulously analyzed for isoflavone content using advanced electrospray ionization–time of flight–mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS) profiling. The predominant isoflavones were daidzin, genistin, malonylgenistin, malonyldaidzin, and malonylglycitin. Our experiment demonstrated that employing three extractants in a balanced 1:1:1 v/v/v ratio resulted in the highest isolation of isoflavones compared to all other mixtures tested. Nevertheless, a detailed exploration of approximate values and utility profiles revealed a more effective composition for extraction efficiency. This optimal mixture features 32.8% ethanol, 39.2% water, and 27.8% propanediol, maximizing the yield of isoflavones from soybean seeds. The innovative use of mixture design and triangular response surfaces has proven to be a powerful approach for developing this superior three-component extraction mixture. This innovative approach not only enhances extraction efficiency but also paves the way for improved processing methods in the industry.
The Impact of Cereal-Based Plant Beverages on Wheat Bread Quality: A Study of Oat, Millet, and Spelt Beverages
(MDPI, 2025) Wirkijowska, Anna; Zarzycki, Piotr; Teterycz, Dorota; Leszczyńska, Danuta
Cereal-based plant beverages have gained attention as functional ingredients in bakery formulations, offering both nutritional and technological benefits. Replacing water with these beverages may improve the nutritional value of bread by increasing its fiber and unsaturated fatty acid content, while also introducing functional components that affect dough rheology and bread texture. This study examined the effects of substituting water with oat (BO), millet (BM), and spelt (BS) beverages in wheat bread formulations at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% levels. Thirteen bread variants were prepared: one control and four substitution levels for each of the three cereal-based beverages, using the straight dough method, with hydration adjusted according to farinograph results. Farinograph tests showed increased water absorption (up to 64.5% in BO100 vs. 56.9% in control) and improved dough stability (10.6 min in BS100). Specific bread volume increased, with BS75 reaching 3.52 cm3/g compared to 3.09 cm3/g in control. Moisture content remained stable during storage, and crumb hardness after 72 h was lowest in BO100 (9.5 N) and BS75 (11.5 N), indicating delayed staling. All bread variants received favorable sensory ratings, with average scores above 3.75 on a 5-point scale. The highest bread yield (149.8%) and lowest baking loss (10.9%) were noted for BS100. Although BO breads had slightly higher fat and energy content, their nutritional profile remained favorable due to unsaturated fatty acids. Overall, oat and spelt beverages demonstrated the greatest potential as functional water substitutes, improving dough handling, shelf-life, and sensory quality while maintaining consumer appeal.
Evaluation of the Egner–Riehm DL and Mehlich 3 Tests for the Determination of Phosphorus: The Influence of Soil Properties on Extraction Efficiency and Test Conversion
(MDPI, 2024-10) Korzeniowska, Jolanta; Stanislawska-Glubiak, Ewa
The leaching of phosphorus (P), together with nitrogen (N), into deep water and runoff from fields into surface water has caused the dangerous phenomenon of eutrophication, which threatens the Baltic Sea. This process has led to a revision of fertilizer recommendations for farmers in most European countries. The basis for proper recommendations is the determination of soil P using a soil test. There are many different soil tests used in Europe for the determination of plant-available P in soil, which is primarily the result of the different soil conditions in the individual countries. In Poland, two soil P tests are currently used: the Egner–Riehm DL (DL) test and the Mehlich 3 (M3) test. The aim of our study was to determine the extraction efficiency of the DL and M3 tests, to explore the possibility of converting the results of one test to another, and to compare the diagnostic value of the tests. For this purpose, a collection of 237 soil–plant sample pairs was taken from maize fields in Poland. The phosphorus content was determined in all the soil and plant samples, with two methods used in the soil samples: DL and M3. The results of our study show that it is not possible to state unequivocally which test extracts more P from the soil. The extraction efficiency of the tests depends on the specific soil properties, particularly pH and texture. The most reliable conversion of DL test results to M3 is possible for soils that contain a 21–35% fraction characterized by particles less than 0.02 mm in diameter, regardless of soil pH. Furthermore, the DL test has better diagnostic value than M3, especially for alkaline soils.
The Effect of pH on Fertilizer Phosphorus Use Efficiency in Sandy Soil
(MDPI, 2025-07) Korzeniowska, Jolanta; Stanislawsla-Glubiak, Ewa; Brosig, Joanna
Soil pH strongly influences phosphorus (P) availability and, consequently, plant response to P fertilization. This study aimed to assess how soil pH affects P availability, uptake, and fertilizer use efficiency in maize (Zea mays L.) grown under controlled conditions. A pot experiment was conducted using three soil pHKCl levels (4.2, 5.2, and 6.4) and five P application doses (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 g P pot−1). Each pot contained 10 kg of soil. Results showed that soil P concentration after harvest increased with both P dose and pH, with the highest values recorded at pH 6.4. Maize grain and straw yields responded differently to P fertilization depending on pH. At pH 5.2, the highest grain yield and agronomic efficiency (AE) were observed at the 0.5 g P dose, while higher doses led to yield reductions. At pH 4.2, P fertilization significantly increased both grain yield and P uptake, but excessive doses reduced yields. In contrast, at pH 6.4, yield increased steadily with rising P doses, though AE and apparent phosphorus recovery (APR) were lowest. The highest APR was observed at pH 4.2 and the lowest at pH 6.4. Overall, the results suggest that optimal maize response to P fertilization occurs near pH 5.2, where both yield and efficiency indices peak.
Chitosan/Perlite System as a Microbial Carrier in Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste: Characteristics and Impact of the Additive Materials
(MDPI, 2025) Pilarska, Agnieszka; Marzec-Grządziel, Anna; Makowska, Małgorzata; Kolasa-Więcek, Alicja; Jambulingam, Ranjitha; Kałuża, Tomasz; Pilarski, Krzysztof
This study aims to evaluate the effect of adding a chitosan/perlite (Ch/P) carrier to anaerobic digestion (AD) on the efficiency and kinetics of the process, as well as the directional changes in the bacterial microbiome. A carrier with this composition was applied in the AD process for the first time. A laboratory experiment using wafer waste (WF) and cheese (CE) waste was conducted under mesophilic conditions. The analysis of physico-chemical properties confirmed the suitability of the tested carrier material for anaerobic digestion. Both components influenced the microstructural characteristics of the carrier: perlite contributed to the development of specific surface area, while chitosan determined the porosity of the system. Using next-generation sequencing (NGS), the study examined how the additive affected the genetic diversity of bacterial communities. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that the degradation rate depended on both the carrier and the substrate type. Consequently, the presence of the carrier led to an increase in the volume of biogas and methane produced. The volume of methane for the wafer waste (WF–control) increased from 351.72 m3 Mg−1 (VS) to 410.74 m3 Mg−1 (VS), while for the cosubstrate sample (wafer and cheese, WFC–control), it increased from 476.84 m3 Mg−1 (VS) to 588.55 m3 Mg−1 (VS).
Interaction of lensoside Aβ with lipids and proteins of HeLa cells
(Elsevier, 2025-06-19) Kapral-Piotrowska, Justyna; Wawrzyniak, Agata; Pawelec, Jarosław; Zarzyka, Barbara; Paduch, Roman; Żuchowski, Jerzy; Sławińska-Brych, Adrianna; Zdzisińska, Barbara; Pawlęga, Bartłomiej; Wójcik-Załuska, Alicja; Baranowska-Wójcik, Ewa; Jakubowicz-Gil, Joanna; Gruszecki, Wiesław I.; Pawlikowska-Pawlęga, Bożena
Lensoside Aβ (LAβ) is a quercetin derivative isolated from the leaves and stems of the Lens culinaris cultivar Tina. Flavonoid-membrane interactions are crucial for their physiological and pharmacological activity. We have demonstrated the impact of LAβ on EYPC liposomes resembling the lipid phase of tumor cell membranes with the use of the 1H NMR technique and have examined its activity on HeLa cells for the first time. To study the interactions of the tested compound with lipids and proteins at the molecular level, the FTIR technique was applied. To reveal changes in morphology and ultrastructure as well as examine its effect on apoptosis induction and cell viability, SEM, TEM, light, and fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry analysis, LIVE/DEAD assays were employed. The ability of LAβ to induce oxidative stress was determined by staining with DHR123. The FTIR analyses indicated that LAβ interacts with the PO2− groups in the polar head region. Moreover, a decrease in the relative protein concentration and changes in protein spectral profile in the amide I region were noted. Flavonoid reduced the viability of HeLa cells, which was correlated with the induction of apoptosis supported by SEM and TEM observations. Moreover, the addition of lensoside Aβ induced oxidative stress. These results confirm that lensoside Aβ may be used in novel therapeutic approaches for treating cervical cancer.
The Effects of a Cultivar and Silicon Treatments on Grain Parameters and Bioactive Compound Content in Organic Spring Wheat
(MDPI, 2025) Kowalska, Iwona; Kowalczyk, Mariusz; Mołdoch, Jarosław; Pawelec, Sylwia; Radzikowski, Paweł; Feledyn-Szewczyk, Beata
To address the need for improved nutritional value of organically grown wheat, this study investigated the impact of silicon treatments (AdeSil, ZumSil) on yield, health status, and bioactive compound content in spring wheat cultivars. The 2019–2020 research evaluated different application variants: seed dressing, foliar sprays, and their combinations. Comprehensive seed dressing combined with two foliar treatments, (variant B) and two foliar treatments (variant C), significantly increased yield (by an average of 8.9% and 7.6% vs. control, respectively). These variants beneficially affected fungal disease resistance mainly in the stressful 2019; in optimal 2020, they showed no clear advantage over the control, which performed similarly or better. Seed dressing (variant D) increased total phenolic acids (PAs) content and antioxidant activity, with the spelt cv. Wirtas exhibiting the highest levels. Silicon treatments modified alkylresorcinols (ARs) content, but effects depended on the year, cultivar, and application variant, not always exceeding the control. Silicon treatments, especially when applied in combination (seed dressing and foliar application), can improve spring wheat yield and favorably modify PAs content, enhancing grain nutritional value. However, the plant response regarding health status and ARs content is strongly conditioned by cultivar specificity and the prevailing environmental conditions of the growing year.
Soil Quality Indicators in Agroecological Practices: Lessons From a Systematic Review of Long-Term Experiments
(Wiley, 2025) Maienza, Anita; Buttafuoco, Gabriele; Biancofiore, Gherardo; Ün, Akin; Renovell, Javier; Pisarčik, Martin; Fuksa, Pavel; Grabiński, Jerzy; Lumini, Erica; Di Lonardo, Sara; Kushnir, Michelle; Hakl, Josef; Vilkiene, Monika; Mockeviciene, Ieva; Dirnena, Baiba; Asins-Velis, Sabina
In recent decades, there has been increasing recognition of soil as a vital and non-renewable natural resource that provides essential environmental, economic, and social benefits. Agronomic and soil management practices—such as tillage systems, crop rotation, and nutrient applications—significantly influence near-surface soil properties and related ecosystem services. There is growing interest in defining soil quality and establishing specific indicators regarding conservation practices. This systematic review was focused on Long-Term Field Experiments (LTEs) conducted in seven countries: Czech Republic, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Spain, and Turkey. The review examined the most frequently studied soil quality properties related to agroecological practices. Our goal was also to standardize the results based on the advanced works in recent years on soil ecosystem services. The findings underscore the strong interest in sustainable production with a particularly high presence of agroecological soil practices in Long-Term Field Experiments (LTEs), especially in Italy and the Czech Republic. Cereals are among the most extensively studied crops under organic amendments and tillage intensity trials in the reviewed papers. Soil properties related to climate and environmental services (such as organic carbon) are the main indicators studied. Additionally, the review highlights a significant gap in soil biodiversity indicators in the agroecological long-term studies analysed. As a future direction, it is crucial to develop new, holistic soil quality indicators that encompass chemical–physical and biological aspects for soil monitoring and conservation.
The effect of soil tillage and sulphur fertilisation on content and ratios of macronutrients in the grain of spring triticale
(Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2025) Klikocka, Hanna; Podleśna, Anna; Narolski, Bartosz; Podleśny, Janusz
The aim of the experiment was to determine the yield, content and uptake of macronutrients and their ratio in spring triticale, Milewo cultivar. The field experiment was conducted in the years 2014–2016 on Cambisols. The first experimental factor was a system of soil tillage (traditional (TRD) and reduced (RED)), and the second was sulphur fertilisation (0,25 and 50 kg S/ha). Based on the study, it was found that the application of conventional tillage and the addition of sulphur fertilisation to NPK significantly increased spring triticale grain yield. The application of reduced tillage positively affected the increase in content and uptake in grain dry matter (DM) of N, S, P, K, Mg and Ca. Adding sulphur (S) to NPK fertilisation favourably increased the content and uptake of N, S, Mg, and Ca and did not affect the content of P and K. The application of reduced tillage expanded the ionic ratio of N : S, P : S while it narrowed the N : P ratio. However, the tillage system did not affect the ionic ratios Ca : P, K : Mg, K : (Ca + Mg) and molar K : (Ca + Mg). Adding sulphur to NPK fertilisation narrowed the N : S and P : S ratios while expanding the N : P and Ca : P ratios. Weather conditions during the 2016 growing season (relatively dry, k = 1.71) favoured spring triticale yield and uptake with dry grain weight of N, S, P, Mg and Ca. The highest N, S, P, K and Ca content in grain dry matter was shown in the 2014 season (relatively humid, k = 1.96). Numerous correlations were found between grain yield and the content, uptake and reciprocal ratios of elements in grain.
Dissipation and Adsorption behavior together with Antioxidant Activity of Pinocembrin Dihydrochalcone
(MDPI, 2025-07-01) Dziągwa-Becker, Magdalena; Oleszek, Marta; Ukalska-Jaruga, Aleksandra; Kucharski, Mariusz; Kozłowska, Weronika; Białas, Marcel; Zielińska, Sylwia
The excessive use of synthetic pesticides has not only resulted in increased resistance among weeds and pests, leading to significant economic loss, but has also raised serious health and environmental concerns. Chalcones and their derivatives, known for their herbicidal, fungicidal, bactericidal, and antiviral properties, are emerging as promising biobased candidates. These naturally occurring compounds have long been recognized for their beneficial health effects and wide-range applications. However, their limited concentration in plants, along with poor solubility and bioavailability, brings challenges for their development. The aim of this study was to examine the properties of a synthetic substance, pinocembrin dihydrochalcone (3-phenyl-1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone), including its soil dissipation and adsorption. Additionally, we evaluated its antioxidant activity through the DPPH assay and FRAP experiments. This analysis aims to provide insights into its potential classification as a low risk pesticide.
Microbial Hazard in Cultivated Soils Located in the Floodplains of the Vistula River Valley, Poland—Preliminary Research
(Springer, 2025) Furtak, Karolina; Marzec‑Grządziel, Anna
Worldwide research in flood-affected areas is primarily concerned with the control of microbial contamination of soils and waters by Salmonella sp., Clostridium sp., Escherichia sp. However, it should be borne in mind that areas periodically inundated by river waters can be a reservoir of other potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Moreover, these areas, due to the presence of fertile soils, are often used for agricultural purposes. The aim of the present study was to determine the presence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms in agriculturally cultivated river silts located in the Vistula River valley in Lublin Province, and to analyze changes in their abundance occurring as a result of simulated flooding conditions. The results obtained confirm that microorganisms potentially dangerous to humans are present in riverine soils used for agricultural purposes: representatives of the families Arcobacteraceae, Erwiniaceae, and Yersiniaceae, and representatives of the genera Aliarcobacter, Pantoea, Pseudarcobacter, Serratia, Treponema and Vagococcus, and their abundance changes as a result of flooding.
Yield, Polyphenol and Carotenoid Content, and Mycotoxin Occurrence in Grains of Four Winter Barley Varieties Grown in Different Nitrogen Fertilization Conditions in Poland
(MDPI, 2025-06-19) Kazimierczak, Renata; Średnicka-Tober, Dominika; Kopczyńska, Klaudia; Wojtczak, Julia; Żebrowska-Krasuska, Małgorzata; Hallmann, Ewelina; Leszczyńska, Danuta; Nowacka, Anna; Hołodyńska-Kulas, Agnieszka; Tobiasz-Salach, Renata; Gnusowski, Bogusław
Barley has consistently been ranked among the four most grown cereals in the world. Integrated agronomic approaches, combining a selection of optimal genotypes and growing conditions, may help to provide high yields of quality and safe barley grains. This study aimed to assess the yield, polyphenol and carotenoid content, and mycotoxin presence in grains of four winter barley varieties—Hobbit, Zoom, Galation, and Sandra—grown under different nitrogen (N) fertilization levels. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze bioactive compounds, while liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was applied to determine mycotoxin occurrence. Results showed that Hobbit and Zoom had higher yields, with Hobbit benefiting from higher N fertilization levels. While no significant differences in phenolic acids (sum) were observed among the barley varieties tested (av. 80.50 ± 6.78 mg/100 g), higher N levels raised flavonoid content (46.78 ± 4.35 vs. 38.82 ± 3.54 mg/100 g). Zoom was characterized by the highest total polyphenol levels (130.45 ± 12.50 mg/100 g). Among the 14 mycotox tested, only two were frequently found in the grain samples (DON and 15-Ac-DON), with Sandra being the least and Galation the most susceptible. The N fertilization doses did not significantly impact mycotoxin levels in grains. The insights gained from this study can inform the development and selection of barley varieties and growing conditions that offer optimized yields, enhanced nutritional value, and reduced susceptibility to mycotoxin contamination, tailored to the producers’ and consumers’ expectations and to sustainable farming goals.
From Nutrition to Energy: Evaluating the Role of Rye (Secale cereale L.) Grain in Sustainable Food Systems and Biofuel Applications
(MDPI, 2025) Berbeć, Adam Kleofas; Wyzińska, Marta
Rye (Secale cereale L.), a cereal with valuable agronomic and nutritional benefits, contributes to sustainable agriculture, especially in areas where more demanding crops cannot be cultivated due to the poor agronomic value of soil. This review explores rye grain quality optimization strategies through production techniques. The quality and yield of grain are under the significant impact of agronomic factors, such as variety selection, crop rotation, soil tillage, fertilization, sowing practices, chemical protection, and harvest timing. It is also under the strong influence of the chosen farm’s management strategy, like organic or conventional farming system. This review emphasizes its diverse potential utilization routes, and the importance of bioactive compounds, dietary fibers, phenolic acids, phytoestrogens, and benzoxazinoids that enhance its value as a functional food. Cereal grain with quality issues cannot be used as food for humans, however, it can still be utilized alternatively as a renewable biofuel. This review showed rye grain to have a potential to contribute to sustainable agriculture and at the same time build farms’ resilience through possible alternative utilization strategies. It can serve as both a food source and a sustainable biofuel, offering a dual-purpose solution within the circular bioeconomy.

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