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Item Soil ecosystem services in urban areas and methods for their assessment using remote sensing(Frontiers, 2026-01-20) Poręba, Ludwika; Głowienka, Ewa; Siebielec, GrzegorzCities and nature are interdependent. Many of the needs of urban population are fulfilled by ecosystem services, which are typically grouped into four categories: provisioning, regulating, habitat, and cultural services. These include such benefits as food and water supply, climate regulation, biodiversity support, as well as various cultural and recreational values. Soil, through its functions, is an important element of the environment that provides ecosystem services in urban areas. This publication focuses on a review of the literature on soil ecosystem services, with particular emphasis on the urban context. It also highlights how remote sensing tools and spatial planning approaches can be applied to monitor soil ecosystem services in cities and support sustainable urban management. The increasing level of urbanization poses a major threat to soil and its ability to provide ecosystem services. Urbanization worsens climatic conditions in cities, threatens biodiversity by interrupting ecological corridors, increases surface runoff creating flood risks, and contributes to elevated levels of pollution in both soil and air. Given that this process is inevitable, minimizing environmental damage requires well-designed land management approaches. Integrating ecosystem services into urban planning will not only contribute to preserving nature in the best possible condition, but will also enhance the quality of life for city dwellers.Item The Effect of Different Crop Production Systems on Seed Germination and Longevity in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(MDPI, 2026) Agacka-Mołdoch, Monika; Jończyk, Krzysztof; Bocianowski, Jan; Börner, AndreasSeed germination performance and storability are fundamental components of seed quality and critical for successful crop establishment. However, information on the impact of different crop production systems on the quality and storability of seed material is still limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of different crop production systems (ecological, integrated, conventional, and monoculture) on seed germination and predisposition for storage. The research was carried out on four varieties of winter wheat. Seed material was produced within a two-year period, during which different weather conditions occurred. Four germination-related traits were assessed: germination capacity NS (%), total germination (TG%), time to reach 50% germination (t50) and the area under the germination curve (AUC). The results demonstrated that the cultivar, the cultivation system and the year of study had a significant impact on germination characteristics. The ecological system ensured the highest germination rate in fresh seeds. However, in the CD test, the conventional system demonstrated the highest levels of stress resistance and stability, suggesting the best storage potential. The significant system × variety interaction demonstrates the importance of accurate matching of the genotype to the growing conditions to ensure optimal seed quality. Furthermore, the data demonstrated a strong influence of climatic conditions in the year of production, which is crucial for seed vigor.Item Zmiany odczynu i zasobności w składniki pokarmowe gleb uprawnych Lubelszczyzny(University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 2020) Tkaczyk, Przemysław; Rutkowska, AgnieszkaWyniki uzyskano na podstawie badań środowiskowych przeprowadzonych w roku 2012 i 2016. Na badanym obszarze wyznaczono 318 punktów pobierania próbek glebowych, z czego 249 wyznaczono na gruntach ornych, 69 na użytkach zielonych (45 na glebach bardzo lekkich, 103 na lekkich, 101 na średnich i 69 na ciężkich). W pobranych próbkach glebowych oznaczono skład granulometryczny metodą laserową, pH w 1 mol KCl dm–3, fosfor i potas przyswajalny metodą Egnera-Riehma (DL), magnez przyswajalny po ekstrakcji z gleby 0,0125 mol CaCl2 dm–3. Uzyskane wyniki badań oceniono na podstawie liczb granicznych obowiązujących w Polsce. Stwierdzono, że w pięciu powiatach (biłgorajski, parczewski, rycki, świdnicki, tomaszowski) nastąpił wzrost udziału procentowego gleb kwaśnych i bardzo kwaśnych w roku 2016 w porównaniu z rokiem 2012. W pozostałych powiatach udział ten zmniejszył się lub pozostał niezmieniony. Pomimo odnotowanej poprawy odczynu gleby pomiędzy rokiem 2012 a 2016 udział gleb wymagających koniecznego lub potrzebnego wapnowania zmniejszył się o ponad 4 p.p., z 36% w roku 2012 do 31,9% w roku 2016. Jednocześnie udział gleb o ograniczonych potrzebach wapnowania lub braku jego konieczności był podobny w obu latach badań (50%). Zasobność gleby w przyswajalne formy badanych makroelementów (P, K, Mg) zmniejszyła się w roku 2016 w porównaniu z rokiem 2012. Wzrost udziału gleb o bardzo niskiej i niskiej zasobności w roku 2016 był różny w zależności od pierwiastka i wynosił: 1 p.p. dla fosforu (wzrost z 27% w roku 2012 do 28% w roku 2016), 4,3 p.p. dla potasu (46,1% – 2012, 50,4% – 2016), 6,4 p.p. dla magnezu (54,9% – 2012, 61,3% – 2016). Wzrost udziału gleb o niskiej i bardzo niskiej zasobności w makroelementy (P, K, Mg) w roku 2016, w porównaniu z rokiem 2012, świadczy o konieczności wprowadzenia zrównoważonego nawożenia tymi składnikami, uwzględniającego zasobność gleby oraz potrzeby pokarmowe uprawianych roślin.Item Rynek nawozów fosforowych oraz zróżnicowanie zawartości fosforu w glebach Polski(SIGMA-NOT Sp. z o.o., 2020) Rutkowska, Agnieszka; Rusek, PiotrOmówiono wybrane zagadnienia związane z produkcją mineralnych nawozów fosforowych oraz przedstawiono wyniki monitoringu gleb prowadzonego w latach 2008–2016 przez Okręgowe Stacje Chemiczno-Rolnicze w odniesieniu do zawartości fosforu przyswajalnego. Stwierdzono, że niemal 60% gleb w kraju charakteryzuje się wysoką i bardzo wysoką zasobnością w fosfor przyswajalny, co czyni je podatnymi na straty tego biogenu do środowiska wodnego. Jednocześnie 25% stanowią gleby o bardzo niskiej i niskiej zawartości fosforu przyswajalnego, na których konieczne jest racjonalne nawożenie tym makroskładnikiem. W Polsce notuje się duże zróżnicowanie regionalne w zużyciu nawozów fosforowych. Z uwagi na zmniejszające się światowe zasoby fosforytów należy skoncentrować się na poszukiwaniu alternatywnych źródeł tego pierwiastka, również poprzez jego odzysk z odpadów.Item Rynek nawozów azotowych oraz efektywność wykorzystywania azotu i wody na przykładzie upraw doświadczalnych jęczmienia jarego(SIGMA-NOT Sp. z o.o., 2020) Rutkowska, Agnieszka; Rusek, PiotrPrzedstawiono dane statystyczne dotyczące produkcji i zużycia nawozów azotowych w Polsce. Zaprezentowano wyniki 11-letnich doświadczeń polowych nad efektywnością wykorzystania azotu (NUE) przez jęczmień jary, oszacowaną wg metodyki zaproponowanej przez EU Nitrogen Experts Panel, z uwzględnieniem zależności pomiędzy efektywnością wykorzystania azotu a efektywnością wykorzystania wody (WUE).Item Efektywność działania nawozów mineralnych wzbogaconych mikrobiologicznie w uprawie pszenicy ozimej(SIGMA-NOT Sp. z o.o., 2023) Rutkowska, Agnieszka; Rusek, PiotrPrzedstawiono wyniki dwuletnich doświadczeń z zastosowaniem wytworzonych w ramach realizacji projektu BIO-FERTIL nawozów mineralnych: wieloskładnikowego nawozu Polifoska® Krzem oraz skoncentrowanego nawozu fosforowego Super Fos Dar 40® wzbogaconych mikrobiologicznie, w uprawie pszenicy ozimej. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na korzystny wpływ dodatku mikrobiologicznego do nawozów konwencjonalnych na dynamikę akumulacji biomasy pszenicy oraz rozwój sytemu korzeniowego, szczególnie w warunkach zredukowanego nawożenia mineralnego. Wykazano, że na glebach o średniej zasobności w potas przyswajalny oraz średniej do wysokiej zasobności w fosfor przyswajalny zastosowanie nawozów wzbogaconych w wyselekcjonowane szczepy bakterii umożliwia ograniczenie zużycia nawozów mineralnych o 40%, nie powodując przy tym spadku plonów.Item Productive and Environmental Consequences of Sixteen Years of Unbalanced Fertilization with Nitrogen and Phosphorus—Trials in Poland with Oilseed Rape, Wheat, Maize and Barley(MDPI, 2020) Rutkowska, Agnieszka; Skowron, PiotrTwo factorial field experiments were carried out between 2003 and 2018 in the Experimental Stations in Eastern and Western Poland using four crop rotations with winter oilseed rape, winter wheat, maize and spring barley. The initial value of phosphorus (P) in Grabów soil was 69.8 mg P·kg−1 soil and in Baborówko soil it was 111.3 mg P·kg−1 soil (Egner-Riehm Double-Lactate DL). P fertilizer was added annually at 39 kg P·ha−1 under winter oilseed rape, 35 kg P·ha−1 under maize and 31 kg P·ha−1 under wheat and barley using superphosphate and nitrogen (N), which was added at five levels (30–250 kg N·ha−1) per year as ammonium nitrate in addition to controls with no added fertilizer. Through the several years of the experiment, P fertilizer had no effect on crop N use efficiency (NUE) nor crop productivity. There was significant soil P mining particularly in the high-N fertilizer trials causing a reduction in the content of available soil P by up to 35%. This work recommends that, based on soil P analysis, P fertilizer should not be added to high-P soils. This practice may continue uninterrupted for several years (16 in this case) until the excess soil P has been reduced. This mechanism of removal of “legacy” P from soil has major implications in reducing runoff P into the Baltic Sea drainage area and other water bodies.Item Biostymulatory we współczesnym rolnictwie. Mechanizm działania oraz status prawny(SIGMA-NOT Sp. z o.o., 2025) Rutkowska, AgnieszkaPrzegląd literaturowy dotyczący wpływu biostymulatorów na wzrost i rozwój roślin z omówieniem głównych substancji w nich występujących. Zdefiniowano pojęcie biostymulatora w ujęciu prawnym. Przedstawiono stymulatory wzrostu dopuszczone do obrotu w Polsce.Item Procedura wprowadzania do obrotu organicznych i organiczno-mineralnych nawozów i środków wspomagających uprawę roślin zgodnie z prawem krajowym(SIGMA-NOT Sp. z o.o., 2025) Rutkowska, AgnieszkaPodstawą wprowadzania produktów nawozowych do obrotu w Polsce są regulacje w zakresie prawa krajowego, wynikające z przepisów ustawy, oraz rozporządzenie. Rozporządzenie uporządkowało europejski rynek produktów nawozowych mineralnych, organicznych i organiczno-mineralnych. Niemniej jednak znaczna część producentów korzysta ze ścieżki rejestracji nawozów i środków wspomagających uprawę roślin zgodnie z prawodawstwem krajowym. Procedura rejestracyjna w Polsce obejmuje kilka etapów, w tym wykonanie badań laboratoryjnych produktu oraz uzyskanie opinii opracowanych przez jednostki uprawnione przez ministra właściwego ds. rolnictwa, potwierdzających jakość tych produktów, ich przydatność w uprawie roślin lub zwiększaniu żyzności gleby oraz bezpieczeństwo stosowania dla ludzi, zwierząt oraz środowiska.Item Nitrogen use efficiency of maize and spring barley under potassium fertilization in long-term field experiment(Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2014) Rutkowska, Agnieszka; Pikuła, Dorota; Stępień, WojciechIn the paper, the results of the long-term field experiment on soil depletion from potassium on yields and selected indices of nitrogen use efficiency of maize and spring barley were presented. The factors of the experiment were potassium fertilization (K plus and K minus treatment) and increasing nitrogen rates. Maize responded for soil exhausting from K in yield reduction over all the range of nitrogen rates applied in the experiment, and spring barley only through the highest rates. The greater values of nitrogen use efficiency indices were proven for barley as compared with maize. Potassium fertilization slightly increased agronomic efficiency and physiological efficiency of barley.Item Reduction of Nitrogen Losses in Winter Wheat Grown on Light Soils(MDPI, 2021) Faber, Antoni; Jarosz, Zuzanna; Rutkowska, Agnieszka; Jadczyszyn, TamaraTwo 16-year-old series of experiments with winter wheat grown in rotation after winter oilseed rape were used in the study. The experiments were located in the cold temperate dry and moist climate zones on light soils. Wheat was fertilized with nitrogen in the doses of 40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 kg N·ha−1 per year. Through the several years of the experiment, critical N rates for maximum yield and gross margin from the linear-plus plateau regressions were 149 ± 23.9 and 112 ± 23.6 kg N·ha−1, respectively. The estimated nitrogen indicators for these doses were as follows: nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) 93 and 108%, N surplus (Ns) 6.8 and −10.1 kg·N·ha−1, yield-scaled Ns, N2O, and NH3 3.5 and −0.2; 0.35 and 0.30; 0.31 and 0.25 kg N·Mg−1, respectively. Experiments have shown that two strategies for reducing nitrogen losses on light soils under wheat cultivation are possible: by limiting the N dose to the critical values due to the yield requirements, or due to the gross margin. The analysis of the 11-year data for 2300 farm fields with winter wheat grown on light soils showed that only 10% of them were implementing the first strategy, and as much as 90% chose the second strategy.Item Yield-Scaled Nitrous Oxide Emission from Soils Depending on Nitrogen Use Efficiency Characteristics(HARD Publishing Company, 2019) Faber, Antoni; Jarosz, Zuzanna; Jędrejek, Anna; Rutkowska, AgnieszkaNitrogen fertilization of agricultural crops increases nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soils. The data used in this study were obtained from a long-term field experiment for corn, winter wheat and rapeseed cultivated on loam and sandy loam soils, and fertilized with the recommended nitrogen doses (kg N ha1) of 150, 120 and 150, respectively. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between yield-scaled N2O emissions (Eys) and nitrogen yield (Yn), as well as nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and nitrogen surplus (Ns). It was found that the provisionally determined desired yield values (Yn>80 kg N ha-1), NUE (50-90%) and N surplus (Ns<80 kg N ha-1) can be considered as nitrogen utilization efficiency characteristics, reducing yield-scaled N2O emissions. Our study showed that these emissions for desired parameters Yn, NUE and Ns were ≤25.6, 28.3-18.6 and ≤30.9 g N2O_N kg Yn-1, respectively. Estimated Eys were 1.5-2.6 time higher than the minimum emission and 2.2-3.6 times lower than the maximum emission recorded in the analyzed data series. In conclusion, the reduction of nitrogen surplus in our field experiment, significant for environmental protection, did not result in loss of crop yields; on the contrary, it led to their growth.Item Efficacy of 15N-nitrogen in fertilization of pea mixtures with wheat, barley, and oats(Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2016) Rutkowska, Agnieszka; Pikuła, DorotaThe effect of mineral nitrogen (N) nutrition on seed production and acquisition of 15N from fertilizers by components of cereal-pea mixtures was investigated. Yields of wheat-pea and oats-pea mixtures raised together with the increase of cereals percentage in the pot, and higher seed yields of mixture with barley was affected by a larger share of pea plants. The percentage of nitrogen derived from fertilizers was significantly higher in cereals as compared with pea. Pea accumulated the greatest quantity of nitrogen from fertilizers in straw and roots, and cereals translocated 15N mainly to ears – grain and glumes with rachis. The percentage of 15N in seeds of pea amounted to 15% on the average, and in grain of cereals – 54% to 60% of the total N taken up.Item Development of Agriculture in Mountain Areas in Europe: Organisational and Economic Versus Environmental Aspects(MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, 2026-01-03) Zieliński, Marek ; Łopatka, Artur ; Koza, Piotr ; Sobierajewska, Jolanta ; Juszczyk, Sławomir ; Józwiak, WojciechThe article analyses the direction and intensity of changes occurring in agriculture in mountain areas in Europe between 2000 and 2022. For the calculations, the ESA CCI Land Cover global land-use map set was used. This dataset was established by the European Space Agency (ESA) through the classification of satellite images from sources (MERIS, AVHRR, SPOT, PROBA, and Sentinel-3). In the next step, the organisational features and economic performance of farms located in mountain areas of the European Union were determined for the period 2004–2022. For this purpose, data from the European Farms Accountancy Data Network (FADN-FSDN) were used. Subsequently, using Poland as a case study, the capacity of mountain agriculture to implement key environmental interventions under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 2023–2027 was assessed. The results highlight the varying directions and intensity of organisational changes occurring in mountain agriculture across Europe. They also show that farms can operate successfully in these areas, although their economic situation varies between EU countries. The findings indicate the need for further adaptation of CAP instruments to better reflect the ecological and economic conditions of mountain areas. Strengthening support mechanisms for these regions within the current and future CAP is of crucial importance for protecting biodiversity, promoting sustainable land use, and maintaining the socio-environmental functions of rural mountain landscapes. Our study highlights that the CAP for mountain farms should be targeted, long-term, and compensatory, so as to compensate for the naturally unfavorable farming conditions and support their multifunctional role. The most important assumptions of CAP for mountain farms are a fair system of compensatory payments (LFA/ANCs), support for local and high-quality production, income diversification, and investments adapted to mountain conditions.Item IMPACT OF NITROGEN FERTILISER APPLICATION ON THE GRAIN QUALITY OF SELECTED WINTER WHEAT CULTIVARS USED FOR MALT PRODUCTION(De Gruyter Open Ltd., 2025) Belcar, Justyna; Sekutowski, Tomasz R.; Gorzelany, JózefThe nitrogen fertilisation used and the wheat cultivar significantly affect grain quality, determining its suitability for use in malting and brewing. Nitrogen fertilisation at a dose of 60 and 80 kg N.ha-1 used in 3-year field experiments had a positive effect on total protein content (10.6% dry matter and 11.2% dry matter, respectively), grain uniformity (84.8% and 85.9%, respectively) and germination capacity (94.8% and 95.1%, respectively). The average grain moisture content at harvest was 13.8%, while the bulk density of the grain was 68.4 kg.hl-1. In canopy experiments, the average total protein content in wheat grain was 12.18% dry matter, germination capacity was 92.75%, and average grain uniformity was 75.45%. Based on the results obtained in field and canopy experiments, a nitrogen fertiliser dose of 60 and 80 kg N.ha-1 and the Elixer, Gimantis and Rockefeller varieties are recommended for the production of winter wheat for malting and brewing purposes.Item pH-dependent separation and identification of saponins from Beta vulgaris L. using high-speed countercurrent chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry.(Elsevier, 2026-02-22) Tekieli, Anna; Kowalczyk, Mariusz; Wybraniec, Sławomir; Spórna-Kucab, AnetaThis study investigated the saponins from Beta vulgaris L. cv. Cylindra roots using a combination of semi-preparative high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) and ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS). A new solvent system was developed for the HSCCC purification of saponins under varying pH conditions (3, 5, and 7), which significantly affected their separation. The solvent system consisted of 1-butanol, acetone, acetonitrile, and citrate-phosphate buffer (1.0:0.1:0.05:0.8; v/v/v/v). The pH adjustment in HSCCC noticeably affected separation efficiency, with higher pH values generally leading to faster elution. The separation behavior of saponins depended primarily on the type, number, and arrangement of sugar substituents. In the HSCCC system, compounds bearing more sugar residues tend to be eluted earlier because their greater hydrophilicity enhances interactions with the mobile phase. Despite this overall trend, saponins containing terminal hexose or pentose units were eluted later, indicating that such sugars can significantly extend elution time. Additionally, saponins featuring dioxolane moieties showed a particularly strong pH dependence, with pH adjustments causing reversible shifts in the elution order of isomeric pairs. Ten predominant saponins, including the highly concentrated betavulgaroside IV and betavulgaroside III, were quantified with high accuracy using UHPLC single bond-HRMS/MS. The total saponin content in Cylindra was found to be 7.2 g/kg dry extract (DE), significantly higher than previously reported for other B. vulgaris cultivars. Additionally, the study identified 47 saponins, including the novel aglycone norhederagenin (m/z 455.31), thus expanding the phytochemical profile of beetroot.Item Resistance in Triticum aestivum, Triticum monococcum and Triticum turgidum to Rhopalosiphum padi.(Taylor & Francis, 2026-01-12) Kordan, B.; Wróblewska-Kurdyk, A.; Kowalczyk, M.; Kowalska, I.; Bocianowski, J.; Dancewicz, K.; Gabryś, B.The bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a cosmopolitan species that attacks all the major cereals, causing the yield loss directly by removing nutrients and indirectly by vectoring plant virus diseases. The study aimed to explore the potential antixenosis and antibiosis resistance to R. padi in nine cultivars of different wheat Triticum L. species and subspecies. The content of phenolic acids and flavonoids in the leaves of wheat cultivars was also determined. The wheat cultivars studied differed in susceptibility to R. padi: Triticum turgidum subsp. turanicum “Khorasan” (highly susceptible) > T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum “Bondka” > T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum “Lamela” and T. monococcum “Joanka” > T. monococcum “Pagatula” and T. aestivum “Torridon” > T. turgidum subsp. durum ‘Wintergold’and T. aestivum subsp. spelta “Wirtas” > T. aestivum “Galerist” (partially resistant). Neither of the studied wheat cultivars possessed antibiotic resistance to R. padi. No correlation occurred between the content of phenolic compounds and aphid performance and probing behaviour. The differences in aphid performance and settling and probing behaviour on wheat cultivars can be attributed to antixenosis factors, probably of a chemical nature, in mesophyll and/or phloem and/or the variation in nutritional quality of the phloem sap. KEY MESSAGES The susceptibility of wheat to Rhopalosiphum padi infestation is species- and cultivar-dependent. Phenolic acids and flavonoids in wheat leaf tissues do not affect R.padi development and probing behaviour. Antixenosis factors in the mesophyll probably exist in Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum cv. “Bondka”, T. monococcum cvs. “Joanka” and “Pagatula”, T. turgidum subsp. durum cv. “Wintergold” and T. aestivum cv. “Galerist”. Antixenosis factors in the phloem probably exist in Triticum aestivum “Galerist”, T. turgidum subsp. durum cv. “Wintergold”, and T. monococcum cv. “Joanka”. No antibiosis mechanisms exist in any wheat cultivar studied.Item Optimizing Wine Production from Hybrid Cultivars: Impact of Grape Maceration Time on the Content of Bioactive Compounds(MDPI, 2026-01-03) Kostecka-Gugała, Anna; Stanula, Jacek; Żuchowski, Jerzy; Kaszycki, PawełWine is a rich source of biologically active compounds, particularly polyphenols, which exhibit antioxidant and antiradical properties. The objective of this study was to optimize the vinification procedures of Polish wines from the hybrid white grape cv. ‘Johanniter’ and red grape cv. ‘Regent’, grown in the temperate climate of central Europe, by applying different skin maceration times: 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 days. The wines were compared for their basic oenological characteristics and polyphenolic (UHPLC–MS) content as well as their antioxidant (FRAP test) and antiradical (DPPH test, ORAC-fl and EPR spectroscopy) capacities. Both wines demonstrated a substantial increase in their total phenolic content and antioxidant and antiradical capacities after a 4-day maceration; further treatment did not lead to considerable enrichment in bioactive compounds. Scavenging activities against nitroxyl radicals and DPPH were divergent for the tested wines and depended on the analytical method applied, which indicated distinct molecular mechanisms. In turn, the activity of peroxyl radical scavengers, antioxidant capacity, and the total content of phenolics were higher in all the red wine samples. The antioxidant and antiradical properties of the examined wines were comparable or even exceeded those determined for most wines produced in regions with a rich winemaking tradition.Item Effects of Polymer Application Rates on Yield and Photosynthesis in Faba Bean and Pea(MDPI, 2025) Czopek, Katarzyna; Staniak, MariolaClimate change exacerbates soil moisture deficits, necessitating efficient water retention strategies. Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) offer a potential solution to enhance water availability for crops during dry periods. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) were selected as model legumes due to their high nutritional value, agricultural importance in temperate regions, and sensitivity to drought stress This study evaluated the effects of different SAP application rates on the yield and physiological performance of two legume species: faba bean (cv. Granit) and pea (cv. Batuta). The two-year (2017–2018) field experiments employed a randomized block design with four replicates. Treatments included three SAP doses: 0 (control, SAP0), 20 (SAP20) and 30 (SAP30) kg·ha−1. The study was conducted over two years with contrasting weather: 2017 was wetter but had uneven rainfall distribution, while 2018 was drier and characterized by moisture deficits during critical growth stages. SAP application significantly increased seed yield in faba bean and pea, with the most favorable effect observed at 20 kg ha (average yield increase of 23.6% and 17.3%, respectively). SAP did not affect yield components in faba bean. However, in peas, an increase in pod number and seed number per plant was observed with the SAP30 dose compared to the SAP20 dose. Application of superabsorbent at a dose of 20 kg ha−1 significantly increased photosynthesis rate in faba bean, the Fv/Fm index in the tested species, and the PI in peas compared to the control. However, the superabsorbent did not affect transpiration rate or the WUE coefficient in the tested legume species. Significantly higher yields in faba bean and pea and all tested plant structure parameters in pea were recorded in 2018 compared to 2017. The tested parameters of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were higher in pea in 2018 (except for transpiration intensity) and in faba bean in 2017. The findings suggest that SAPs can be a useful tool to mitigate water stress effects in legumes, although their effectiveness depends on environmental conditions. Therefore, SAP application may be a promising agronomic strategy in regions prone to irregular rainfall or moderate drought.Item Wpływ skoncentrowanego nawozu fosforowego Super Fos Dar 40® wzbogaconego mikrobiologicznie na zawartość węgla organicznego i frakcje materii organicznej w uprawie pszenicy ozimej(Przemysł Chemiczny, 2025) Pikuła, Dorota; Rutkowska, AgnieszkaPrzedstawiono wyniki dwóch doświadczeń polowych z zastosowaniem wytworzonego w ramach realizacji projektu Biofertil skoncentrowanego nawozu fosforowego Super Fos Dar 40® wzbogaconego mikrobiologicznie, na zmiany zawartości węgla organicznego i frakcje materii organicznej, w uprawie pszenicy ozimej. Uzyskane wyniki nie wykazały istotnego wpływu dodatku mikrobiologicznego do nawozów konwencjonalnych na zawartość węgla organicznego w glebie, ale dodatek bakterii w pełnej dawce wpływał korzystnie na tworzenie się trwałej frakcji materii organicznej – węgla frakcji humin.