Yield, Polyphenol and Carotenoid Content, and Mycotoxin Occurrence in Grains of Four Winter Barley Varieties Grown in Different Nitrogen Fertilization Conditions in Poland

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dc.contributor.authorKazimierczak, Renata
dc.contributor.authorŚrednicka-Tober, Dominika
dc.contributor.authorKopczyńska, Klaudia
dc.contributor.authorWojtczak, Julia
dc.contributor.authorŻebrowska-Krasuska, Małgorzata
dc.contributor.authorHallmann, Ewelina
dc.contributor.authorLeszczyńska, Danuta
dc.contributor.authorNowacka, Anna
dc.contributor.authorHołodyńska-Kulas, Agnieszka
dc.contributor.authorTobiasz-Salach, Renata
dc.contributor.authorGnusowski, Bogusław
dc.date.accessioned2025-06-24T08:01:06Z
dc.date.available2025-06-24T08:01:06Z
dc.date.issued2025-06-19
dc.description.abstractBarley has consistently been ranked among the four most grown cereals in the world. Integrated agronomic approaches, combining a selection of optimal genotypes and growing conditions, may help to provide high yields of quality and safe barley grains. This study aimed to assess the yield, polyphenol and carotenoid content, and mycotoxin presence in grains of four winter barley varieties—Hobbit, Zoom, Galation, and Sandra—grown under different nitrogen (N) fertilization levels. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze bioactive compounds, while liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was applied to determine mycotoxin occurrence. Results showed that Hobbit and Zoom had higher yields, with Hobbit benefiting from higher N fertilization levels. While no significant differences in phenolic acids (sum) were observed among the barley varieties tested (av. 80.50 ± 6.78 mg/100 g), higher N levels raised flavonoid content (46.78 ± 4.35 vs. 38.82 ± 3.54 mg/100 g). Zoom was characterized by the highest total polyphenol levels (130.45 ± 12.50 mg/100 g). Among the 14 mycotox tested, only two were frequently found in the grain samples (DON and 15-Ac-DON), with Sandra being the least and Galation the most susceptible. The N fertilization doses did not significantly impact mycotoxin levels in grains. The insights gained from this study can inform the development and selection of barley varieties and growing conditions that offer optimized yields, enhanced nutritional value, and reduced susceptibility to mycotoxin contamination, tailored to the producers’ and consumers’ expectations and to sustainable farming goals.
dc.identifier.citationAppl. Sci. 2025, 15, 6904.
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/app15126904
dc.identifier.issn2076-3417
dc.identifier.urihttps://bc.iung.pl/handle/123456789/3275
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.relation.ispartofseries15; 6904
dc.subjectcereals
dc.subjectHordeum vulgare
dc.subjectfood safety
dc.subjectphenolic compounds
dc.subjectphenolic acids
dc.subjectflavonoids
dc.subjectlutein
dc.subjectβ-carotene
dc.subjectdeoxynivalenol
dc.subjectHPLC
dc.subjectLC-MS/MS
dc.titleYield, Polyphenol and Carotenoid Content, and Mycotoxin Occurrence in Grains of Four Winter Barley Varieties Grown in Different Nitrogen Fertilization Conditions in Poland
dc.typeArticle
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