Response of sandy soil structure to long-term farmyard manure rates: The role of organic carbon and glomalin

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dc.contributor.authorJuriga, Martin
dc.contributor.authorŠimanský, Vladimír
dc.contributor.authorJonczak, Jerzy
dc.contributor.authorChojnacka, Aleksandra
dc.contributor.authorWójcik-Gront, Elżbieta
dc.contributor.authorPikuła, Dorota
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-17T10:28:05Z
dc.date.available2026-07-17T10:28:05Z
dc.date.issued2026
dc.description.abstractLong‑term changes in soil structure under farmyard manure (FYM) application remain insufficiently understood in sandy soils, which are naturally poor in organic matter and highly susceptible to degradation. This study evaluates the century‑scale effects of gradually increasing annual FYM rates (0, 20, 40, 60 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) in a 96‑year field experiment established on a Planosol in Skierniewice, central Poland. The results showed that increasing FYM inputs caused pronounced accumulation of soil organic matter. Total organic carbon (TOC) rose from 5.06% in the control to 7.53%, 11.18%, and 14.43% under 20, 40, and 60 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively (up to +185%). Total nitrogen (TN) increased from 0.45% to 1.29%, while total glomalin-related soil protein (T‑GRSP) rose by 34–77% relative to the unfertilized soil. Bulk density declined significantly only at the highest rate (from 1.69 to 1.52 g cm⁻³). Structural responses were nonlinear: mean weight diameter (MWD) increased sharply already at 20 Mg ha⁻¹(from 0.62 to 0.87 mm), and vulnerability coefficient (Kv) rose from 0.73 to 2.50, indicating higher aggregate vulnerability at 20 Mg ha⁻¹, but higher FYM rates did not further change vulnerability. Individual size-fractions of water-stable macro-aggregates (WSAma) 5–3 mm and 3–2 mm increased significantly under 20 Mg ha⁻¹, indicating an early saturation threshold. PCA confirmed that TOC, TN, and T‑GRSP are the dominant drivers of soil property changes. Overall, the greatest soil structural change occurred between the control and 20 Mg ha⁻¹ FYM. This study evaluated soil-level endpoint responses; crop productivity, crop-rotation performance, and environmental impacts were not measured and therefore cannot be inferred from the present dataset.
dc.identifier.citationSoil & Tillage Research 263 (2026) 107291
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.still.2026.107291
dc.identifier.issnOnline ISSN: 1879-3444. Print ISSN: 0167-1987
dc.identifier.urihttps://bc.iung.pl/handle/123456789/4802
dc.identifier.urihttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167198726002369?via%3Dihub
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.subjectaggregate stability, farmyard manure, soil organic matter, total glomalin-related soil protein, sandy soil
dc.titleResponse of sandy soil structure to long-term farmyard manure rates: The role of organic carbon and glomalin
dc.typeArticle
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