Browsing by Author "Ukalska-Jaruga, Aleksandra"
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Item Asymmetric responses of soil dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen to warming: A meta-analysis(Elsevier, 2025-02-25) Ren, Tianjing; Smreczak, Bożena; Ukalska-Jaruga, Aleksandra; Hassan, Waseem; Cai, AndongSoil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) play pivotal roles in regulating soil carbon and nitrogen cycles. The global effects of experimental warming on DOC and DON concentrations and their relationship (DOC:DON) remain uncertain. This study integrates a dataset containing 321 separate DOC and 187 DON independent experiments to address the magnitude and direction of warming’s impact on DOC and DON, as well as the key driving factors. Our results indicated that while warming did not significantly affect DOC concentrations, it led to a notable increase in DON concentrations (8.84%), consequently reducing DOC:DON ratio by 10.79%. Soil moisture emerged as the most influential factor (19.0%) driving DOC responses to warming, whereas soil nitrate nitrogen was the primary driver (33.2%) of DON responses to warming. Soil ammonium nitrogen exhibited a positive linear relationship with the DOC:DON ratio, while soil nitrate nitrogen responded negatively as the DOC:DON ratio increased. Our results revealed the complex responses of carbon and nitrogen cycles to warming, including their decoupling patterns. This finding highlights the sensitivity and adaptability of soil carbon and nitrogen cycles to experimental warming, uncovers that warming could disrupt the soil carbon and nitrogen balance, potentially affecting ecosystem stability and function.Item Cause–Effect Modelling of Soil Liming in Poland(MDPI, 2024-11-27) Zadrożny, Paweł; Nicia, Paweł; Wojewodzic, Tomasz; Dacko, Mariusz; Paluch, Łukasz; Płonka, Aleksandra; Janus, Jarosław; Pijanowski, Jacek; Bejger, Romualda; Ukalska-Jaruga, Aleksandra; Smreczak, Bożena; Parzych, PiotrThis research aimed to use the cause-and-effect diagram (model) as a method to describe the 15 main factors (for example, awareness, knowledge and motivation of farmers, farmers income, institutional and financial support, condition of the natural environment, healthiness of the population, etc.) leading to soil acidification, their impact on soil health and ecosystem functions, and how soil liming serves as a remedial measure. The cause-and-effect model was developed based on questionnaire studies as a part of the project ‘Opportunities and Barriers to the Use of Soil Liming for Improving the Economic Efficiency of Agricultural Production and Reducing Eutrophication of Surface Waters’ in 2022–2023. The results showed that the effects of soil acidification and liming as well as their interrelationships are multifaceted and affect agricultural production economics, agricultural land and crop prices, environmental health and biodiversity, as well as soil productivity and food security. The causes of this situation can be attributed to social, technological–logistical– technical, and economic factors. To change the existing situation, it is necessary to take effective steps to motivate farmers to lime their soils. The most effective would be (1) offering training courses for farmers to discuss the benefits that a farmer can achieve by maintaining optimum soil pH levels while growing a specific crop species; (2) implementing liming payment programs that will be more attractive and motivating from the farmers’ perspective; and (3) linking agri-environmental payments to the necessity of systematic testing of soil pH levels and maintaining optimal pH levels under specific crops species.Item Changes in soil organic carbon stocks and chemical properties in organogenic soils under long-term agricultural use in Central Europe, Poland(John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2025) Zając, Ewelina; Smreczak, Bożena; Ukalska-Jaruga, Aleksandra; Skalski, Tomasz; Oleszczuk, Ryszard; Scharenbroch, Bryant C.Organic soils, particularly peatlands, are important carbon sinks. In Europe, almost half of its area has been drained and is primarily used for agriculture as grasslands. In Poland, 86% of the drained peatland area causes problems with high carbon dioxide emissions due to organic matter oxidation. The aim of the study was to analyze changes in organic soils between 1975 and 2017 using data from 476 reference soil profiles. The results showed a significant decrease in organic soils (≥12% SOC) from 62% to 35%, and an increase in organo-mineral (6.0-12.0% SOC) and non-humose mineral soils (≤1.75% SOC) by a similar percentage. The depth of SOC rich layers also decreased significantly, with deep soils (>100 cm) dropping from 20% to 5% and shallow soils (21-50 cm) increasing from 24% to 58%. The average SOC stock loss was almost 273 Mg C·ha -1 (from 500.42 Mg C·ha -1 to 228.04 Mg C·ha -1), with the median being four times lower. A decrease in SOC stock was observed in 64% of sites, while an increase was seen in 36%. The most significant decrease in SOC stock, by 64.67% compared to 1975, occurred in organic soils (from 762.19 Mg C·ha -1 to 269.26 Mg C·ha -1). There was an increase in SOC stock in organo-mineral, humose, and non-humose mineral soils, although it was not statistically significant. Moreover, the results indicated that continuous grassland use on organic soils does not offset carbon losses from organic matter oxidation due to drainage.Item Depth-dependent effects of crop rotation and monoculture on dissolved organic matter quantity and quality(Frontiers, 2025) Ren, Tianjing; Debaene, Guillaume; Ukalska-Jaruga, Aleksandra; Smreczak, BożenaSoil dissolved organic matter (DOM) regulates nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration, yet how cropping systems (rotation vs. monoculture) shape the vertical distribution and molecular traits of DOM remains unclear.Item Differential impacts of nitrogen addition on soil dissolved organic carbon in humid and non-humid regions: A global meta-analysis(Elsevier, 2025-03-01) Ren, Tianjing; Smreczak, Bożena; Ukalska-Jaruga, Aleksandra; Li, Xiaojie; Hassa, Wassem; Cai, AndongSoil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is the most active carbon pool, providing essential carbon and energy to soil microorganisms while playing a crucial role in carbon sequestration, transport, and stabilization in soils. Nitrogen (N) addition, a key factor influencing terrestrial carbon cycling, can significantly alter soil DOC dynamics. However, the global patterns and underlying drivers of DOC responses to N addition, particularly across regions with varying aridity indices, remain unclear. This study analyzed 1132 paired observations from 103 independent studies to quantify the response pattern of DOC to N addition in humid (554 observations) and non-humid (574 observations) regions and identify the factors driving these effects. The findings revealed an asymmetrical effect of N addition on soil DOC between humid and non-humid regions, rather than on microbial biomass carbon (MBC) or soil organic carbon (SOC). Specifically, N addition significantly decreased soil DOC ( 2.49%) in humid regions, while it increased DOC (7.30%) in non-humid regions. The effect size of soil DOC decreased linearly with the ratio of MBC to SOC in humid regions but increased linearly in non-humid regions. In humid regions, soil DOC response was positively correlated with initial MBC and inversely correlated with initial soil pH, whereas the opposite trend was observed in non-humid regions. Seasonal precipitation variability was identified as a significant driver of soil DOC response, independent of temperature, soil properties, and N addition rates. Moreover, initial SOC content was the primary driving factor for soil DOC response in humid regions, while the N addition rates were the primary driver in non-humid regions. These findings have important implications for enhancing soil carbon pool management, improving global carbon models, and addressing climate change, particularly under varying climatic conditions.Item Dissipation and Adsorption behavior together with Antioxidant Activity of Pinocembrin Dihydrochalcone(MDPI, 2025-07-01) Dziągwa-Becker, Magdalena; Oleszek, Marta; Ukalska-Jaruga, Aleksandra; Kucharski, Mariusz; Kozłowska, Weronika; Białas, Marcel; Zielińska, SylwiaThe excessive use of synthetic pesticides has not only resulted in increased resistance among weeds and pests, leading to significant economic loss, but has also raised serious health and environmental concerns. Chalcones and their derivatives, known for their herbicidal, fungicidal, bactericidal, and antiviral properties, are emerging as promising biobased candidates. These naturally occurring compounds have long been recognized for their beneficial health effects and wide-range applications. However, their limited concentration in plants, along with poor solubility and bioavailability, brings challenges for their development. The aim of this study was to examine the properties of a synthetic substance, pinocembrin dihydrochalcone (3-phenyl-1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone), including its soil dissipation and adsorption. Additionally, we evaluated its antioxidant activity through the DPPH assay and FRAP experiments. This analysis aims to provide insights into its potential classification as a low risk pesticide.Item Effect of VP, MAP and combined packaging systems on the physicochemical properties and microbiological status of veal from unweaned calves(Elsevier , 2024) Kowalczyk, Marek; Domaradzki, Piotr; Ziomek, Monika; Skałecki, Piotr; Kaliniak-Dziura, Agnieszka; Żółkiewski, Paweł; Chmielowiec-Korzeniowska, Anna; Kędzierska-Matysek, Monika; Ukalska-Jaruga, Aleksandra; Grenda, Tomasz; Nuvoloni, Roberta; Florek, MariuszThe packaging system is one of the factors influencing the preservation of the nutritional value, microbiological safety, and sensory attributes of meat. The study investigated changes in physicochemical and microbiological properties taking place during 15-day refrigerated storage of two calf muscles, the longissimus lumborum (LL) and semitendinosus (ST), packaged in three systems, respectively, vacuum packing (VP), modified atmosphere packaging (MAP, 80% O2 + 20% CO2), and a combined system (VP + MAP, 8 d in VP followed by 7 d in MAP). LL and ST stored in VP had significantly lower levels of lipid oxidation, higher α-tocopherol content, and higher instrumentally measured tenderness in comparison with the samples stored in MAP. On the other hand, the MAP samples had lower purge loss at 5 and 15 days, a higher proportion of oxymyoglobin up to 10 days of storage, and a better microbiological status. Calf muscle samples stored in the VP + MAP system had intermediate values for TBARS and α-tocopherol content and at the same time were the most tender and had the lowest counts of Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae bacteria at 15 days. All packaging systems ensured relatively good quality of veal characteristics up to the last day of storage. However, for MAP at 15 days of storage, unfavourable changes in colour (a high level of metmyoglobin and a decrease in oxymyoglobin, redness and R630/580 ratio) and in the lipid fraction (a high TBARS value and a significant decrease in α-tocopherol content) were observed.Item Enzymatic activity in soil treated with exogenous organic matter(Instytut Uprawy Nawożenia i Gleboznawstwa – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy w Puławach, 2021) Siebielec, Sylwia; Siebielec, Grzegorz; Ukalska-Jaruga, Aleksandra; Urbaniak, MagdalenaItem Funkcje, jakość i usługi ekosystemowe gleb(Instytut Uprawy Nawożenia i Gleboznawstwa Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, 2017) Smreczak, Bożena; Ukalska-Jaruga, Aleksandra; Łysiak, Magdalena; Strzelecka, Joanna; Niedźwiecki, Jacek; Sobich, DanutaItem Global pattern and drivers of soil soluble organic nitrogen(Innovation Press, 2025) Ren, Tianjing; Miao, Tiantian; Li, Xiaofei; Zhang, Wenju; Smreczak, Bożena; Ukalska-Jaruga, Aleksandra; Li, Yu’e; Cai, AndongSoil soluble organic nitrogen (SON) is a central component of the terrestrial nitrogen cycle, acting as both a precursor to inorganic nitrogen via mineralization and a product of microbial assimilation of inorganic forms. Due to its high solubility and mobility, SON also represents a critical pathway for nitrogen loss and is a key contributor to nitrogen pollution and eutrophication in downstream aquatic ecosystems. Despite its ecological significance, the global distribution and environmental drivers of SON remain poorly understood, largely due to a lack of spatially explicit data. To address this gap, we compiled a comprehensive global SON dataset comprising 5,782 topsoil samples (0-30 cm depth) from 379 published studies, including detailed information on geographic location, climate, and soil properties. Overall, the global SON concentrations ranged from 0.04 to 1034 mg kg-1, with an average concentration of 41.36 mg kg-1. The random forest model could explain 82% of the variations in SON concentrations. Elevation, parent material, and mean annual precipitation emerged as the most influential predictors. Machine learning was used to quantify environmental contributions to SON and predict its global stock, estimated at 2.4 Pg N. The resulting global SON map revealed a distinct latitudinal gradient, with SON concentrations increasing toward higher latitudes. In addition, meta-analysis showed that except for reduced precipitation, biochar, and no-tillage, other global changes increased global SON to varying degrees (-4.45% – 70.71%). This study provides the first global map of SON distribution and identifies key biophysical and environmental controls of SON dynamics.Item How Does Specialization in Agricultural Production Affect Soil Health?(MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, 2024) Szymańska, Magdalena; Gubiec, Wiktoria; Smreczak, Bożena; Ukalska-Jaruga, Aleksandra; Sosulski, TomaszThe aim of the study was to assess the impact of the specialization of agricultural production on selected parameters of soil health, i.e., soil organic carbon content (SOC), soil acidification, soil nutrient status, i.e., total nitrogen content (NT), available forms of phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium, and microelements content, as well as the content of selected potentially toxic metals (PTMs). For the study, 18 farms located in the Masovian Voivodeship in Central Poland were selected. They were grouped into six types, and each type was represented by three farms. The study included organic farms; farms specializing in: crop, vegetable, poultry, dairy cattle, and pigs production. A total of 144 soil samples were analyzed. The results showed that the specialization of agricultural production and fertilizer management had a significant impact on most of the tested soil health parameters, except SOC and NT content. Despite the high organic fertilizer doses introduced into soils in poultry (170 kg N per hectare as poultry manure) and pig farms (150 kg N per hectare as pig manure), there was no significant influence of these amendments on SOC content. This may indicate low organic carbon sequestration potential in some Polish agricultural soils. Organic farms had the lowest levels of plant nutrients in the tested soil samples, which may limit soil productivity. All the tested soils were strongly acidified, which could restrict both production and regulatory soil functions. Based on the synthetic index of soil fertility (SSFI), vegetable and poultry farms were characterized by very high fertility, while crop, dairy cattle, and pig farms fell into the medium fertility class. Organic farms were in the lowest fertility class. However, the study suggests that the SSFI may not be the best indicator for assessing soil fertility and health; therefore, further research is needed.Item Mady w podziałach rolniczych i ich wartość użytkowa w Polsce(Soil Science Annual, 2024) Smreczak, Bożena; Jadczyszyn, Jan; Ukalska-Jaruga, Aleksandra; Niedźwiecki, Jacek; Pindral, Sylwia; Gregoliński, Dariusz; Łysiak, MagdalenaCelem pracy jest przedstawienie podziałów mad użytkowanych rolniczo, analiza udziału tych gleb w rolniczej przestrzeni produkcyjnej i funkcji jakie pełnią na użytkach rolnych. Publikacja zawiera także charakterystykę niektórych właściwości fizyczno‒chemicznych tych gleb w podziale na kategorie agronomiczne oraz kategorie użytków gruntowych. W artykule wykazano, że w rolnictwie, w odniesieniu do mad dominują określenia wypracowane przez gleboznawców polskich przed II wojną światową oraz w wczesnym okresie powojennym obejmującym opracowanie tabeli klas gruntów oraz instrukcji w sprawie wykonania map glebowo-rolniczych w skali 1:5000 i 1:25000. Analiza zasięgów występowania mad na obszarach rolniczych przeprowadzona w oparciu o dane z cyfrowej mapy glebowo-rolniczej w skali 1:25 000 wykazała, że stanowią one 7,9% użytków rolnych ogółem. Wśród mad dominują mady właściwe, a ich udział w ogólnej powierzchni tych gleb stanowi 96,1%. Największy areał mad użytkowanych rolniczo występuje w dorzeczu Wisły (63,5%)oraz (35,8%). Ponad 25% mad na terenach nizinnych i wyżynnych została zaliczona do gruntów ornych 1 i 2 kompleksu rolniczej przydatności gleb, a 10,8% do kompleksu 10 w terenach górskich. Ponad 13% mad tworzy siedliska bardzo dobre i dobre (1z) dla łąk trwałych i pastwisk trwałych. Wartości odczynu w warstwie 0‒20 cm mad zlokalizowanych na gruntach ornych (GO) i trwałych użytkach zielonych (TUZ) mieszczą się w szerokim przedziale od 3,8 do 8,0. Odnotowano, że w GO zawartość form przyswajalnych dla roślin jest bardzo wysoka dla fosforu (P) oraz średnia dla potasu (K) i magnezu (Mg), a dla TUZ mieści się dla P, Mg i K odpowiednio w klasach zawartości: bardzo wysoka, wysoka i niska. Mady użytkowane rolniczo nie tylko pełnią w środowisku funkcję produkcyjną, ale też retencyjną i siedliskową, dlatego część z nich została włączona do sieci Natura 2000.Item Ocena zawartości kadmu, cynku i ołowiu oraz benzo(a)pirenu w glebach użytkowanych rolniczo – dwadzieścia lat monitoringu chemizmu gleb ornych Polski(Instytut Uprawy Nawożenia i Gleboznawstwa Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, 2018) Smreczak, Bożena; Siebielec, Grzegorz; Ukalska-Jaruga, Aleksandra; Klimkowicz-Pawlas, AgnieszkaItem Rational management of agricultural soils under climate change(Soil Science Society of Poland, 2024) Smreczak, Bożena; Hewelke, Edyta Aleksandra; Kowalik, Monika; Ukalska-Jaruga, Aleksandra; Weber, JerzySustainable management of agricultural soils is crucial to improving their health, increasing food security, the quantity and quality of surface and groundwater, accumulating organic carbon, and improving the state of biodiversity. It also contributes to the mitigation of climate change and the adaptation of agriculture to these changes. The publication aims to present solutions for the sustainable use of agricultural soils in climate change conditions on the example of the European Common Soil Program (acronym EJP SOIL). The EJP SOIL project "Towards climate-smart sustainable development of agricultural soils" involving 26 scientific and research institutions from 24 European countries began its activity in 2020. The results of the undertaken activities, including surveys, meta-analyses, and extensive statistical research, as well as the effects of cooperation with officials, for five years initiated collaboration among over 400 scientists to improve knowledge about sustainable management of agricultural soils, taking into account the soil and climate zones of Europe. The publication presents the multi-threaded nature of the EJP SOIL project and related internal and external research projects, presents the scientific issues discussed, and makes recommendations for agricultural practice and shaping future European policy. In addition, it indicates the activities of the EJP SOIL project addressed to various stakeholder groups in the field of disseminating knowledge about soil health and the ecosystem services they provide, presenting the goals and scope of operation of the National Soil Hub, which was established in November 2023 on the initiative of the project.Item Stan zanieczyszczenia gleb pierwiastkami śladowymi oraz struktura użytkowania gruntów w rejonie Olkusza(Instytut Uprawy Nawożenia i Gleboznawstwa Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, 2015) Smreczak, Bożena; Jadczyszyn, Jan; Klimkowicz-Pawlas, Agnieszka; Ukalska-Jaruga, AleksandraItem The Effect of Newly Developed Microbial Biopreparations on the Chemical Composition of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) Fruit Grown in an Organic Farming System(MDPI, 2025) Nakielska, Małgorzata; Feledyn-Szewczyk, Beata; Berbeć, Adam Kleofas; Ukalska-Jaruga, Aleksandra; Frąc, MagdalenaNon-chemical methods of fertilisation and protection have been gaining importance in recent years. This trend is closely linked to current European Union (EU) agricultural policy and the growing consumer awareness of the impact of nutrition on health. Newly developed biopreparations have to be tested for their agricultural efficiency alongside a quality assessment of the resulting food. The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of newly developed microbially enriched fertilisers in organic strawberry cultivation had an effect on fruit chemical composition and heavy metal accumulation. In the research, five biopreparations (K2–K6 combinations) containing selected Bacillus strains and plant extracts were tested in 2021 and 2022 on three strawberry cultivars: ‘Honeoye’, 'Rumba’, and ‘Vibrant’. After the vegetation period, the collected fruit samples were frozen, freeze-dried, and subjected to chemical analyses to determine the total carbon and nitrogen content, as well as the concentration of microelements (Mn, Fe), macroelements (Na, Mg, K, Ca, P) and heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn). The application of the tested biopreparations did not significantly impact the total carbon content of strawberry fruit. For most of the tested traits, cultivars reacted differently to the tested preparations. A higher total nitrogen content was found for treatments treated with biopreparations, especially for the ‘Vibrant’ cultivar—ranging from 15.2 g·kg−1 K2 (BacilRoots) to 16.3 g·kg−1 K3 (BacilRoots + BacilExtra) and K5 (BacilRoots + BacilExtra + BacilHumus)—being about 10–18% higher than on the control object (K1). The content of sodium, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium did not change significantly under the influence of biopreparations. The use of the K3 and K5 treatment resulted in significantly lower iron contents when compared to those of the control (strawberries sprayed with water with no biopreparations added)—respectively, by 16.1% and 17.9%. ‘Vibrant’ treated with water (control treatment) showed the highest contents of iron, copper, and zinc when compared to those treated with biopreparations. No exceedances of the permissible heavy metal content were found in the samples tested.Item The Significance of Herbicide–Humin Interactions in Sustainable Agroecosystems(MDPI, 2025) Jerzykiewicz, Maria; Ćwieląg-Piasecka, Irmina; Weber, Jerzy; Ukalska-Jaruga, Aleksandra; Jamroz, Elżbieta; Kocowicz, Andrzej; Dębicka, Magdalena; Bekier, Jakub; Mielnik, Lilla; Bejger, Romualda; Banach-Szott, Magdalena; Grabusiewicz, AgnieszkaHumin, as the most stable fraction in soil organic matter, determines possibility of sustainable environmental development by influencing, among other things, the binding and migration of different chemicals in soil. The aim of this paper was to determine changes in the properties of humins after interaction with three selected active substances of herbicides differing in structure and chemical properties (pendimethalin, metazachlor, and flufenacet) and two different commercial products. In accordance with OECD 106 guidelines, humins isolated from eight different soils were saturated with herbicide compounds under study. As humin is a non-hydrolyzable organic carbon fraction, solid state research techniques (elemental analysis, NMR, FTIR, EPR, and UV-Vis) were applied. The results clearly showed that the interaction between humin and herbicides increases the concentration of oxygen-containing groups and the internal oxidation (ω) in humin. For all investigated humins, a reduction in radical concentration was observed. Radicals in humins were not completely quenched; a certain concentration of radicals with unchanged structure always remained in the samples. Other spectroscopic analyses showed no significant changes in the structure of pesticide-saturated and non-saturated humins. This suggests that sorption of the studied compounds occurs on the humins only as a result of the interaction of physical forces on the surface of the studied organic matter fraction. Thus, interaction with the studied herbicides occurs as a surface phenomenon, and the inner core remains protected by the condensed structure and/or strong binding to the clay minerals.Item Variability in Nutrient Content and Biochemical Parameters of Soil Under Rotational Pasture Management of Farmed Fallow Deer(Agriculture, MDPI, 2024-11-08) Futa, Barbara; Ukalska-Jaruga, Aleksandra; Tajchman, Katarzyna; Janiszewski, Paweł; Pecio, MonikaFallow deer are animals kept on large-scale pastures, which influence soil properties, including the content of nutrients in the soil and the flow of these nutrients in the soil–plant–animal system. Therefore, the aim of this case study was to analyze the variability in the macronutrient content and biochemical properties of soil under rotational grazing conditions of farmed fallow deer. Fallow deer grazed in two summer pens from April to November, and in the winter pen from December to March. The analyses included the determination of several soil parameters to capture sensitive soil changes and assess potential degradation of the soil environment in response to grazing: pHKCl, TOC, TN, N-NO3, N-NH4 +, total (P, K, Mg, Ca, and Na) and available (Pav, Kav, Mgav) forms of macronutrients, and selected soil enzymes (dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase, and urease). The results showed that the pHKCl in the plots used by farm fallow deer was lower than in the soil of the control object. Moreover, the TN and TOC content in the soils of all pastures was statistically significantly lower than in the soil without grazing, while for TOC, the same effect was observed in the winter pasture soil. The content of N-NO3 − was several times higher than that of N-NH4+ in the soils of the studied breeding plots. The relationships noted indicate that grazing is important in the transformation of soil organic matter, which is influenced by the relationship between carbon and nitrogen. In addition, the grazing of farmed fallow deer had a negative effect on the content of P in the soils of all pastures and a positive impact on the accumulation of K. Winter grazing had a positive effect on the amount of Pav and Kav in the soil, but a negative effect on the content of Mgav, compared to grazing in the summer quarters. In the plots used for pastures, the activity of soil enzymes was higher than in the control soil. It has been shown that the influence of fallow deer farming on the soil environment of pastures is not unequivocal. Therefore, long-term monitoring of changes in the properties of these soils is necessary.Item Wpływ materii organicznej na jakość gleb użytkowanych rolniczo(Instytut Uprawy Nawożenia i Gleboznawstwa Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, 2017) Ukalska-Jaruga, Aleksandra; Smreczak, Bożena; Strzelecka, JoannaItem Wstępne badania nad wykorzystaniem metod spektralnych do klasyfikacji utworów organicznych na potrzeby Spektralnej Biblioteki Gleb Polski(Instytut Uprawy Nawożenia i Gleboznawstwa Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, 2017) Niedźwiecki, Jacek; Debaene, Guillaume; Smreczak, Bożena; Łysiak, Magdalena; Ukalska-Jaruga, Aleksandra