Browsing by Author "Koziara-Ciupa, Marta"

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    Stability of the hop bitter acids during long-term storage of cones with different maturity degree
    (Instytut Uprawy Nawożenia i Gleboznawstwa – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy w Puławach) Skomra, Urszula; Koziara-Ciupa, Marta
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    The Effect of Polyploidisation on the Physiological Parameters, Biochemical Profile, and Tolerance to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses of Plants
    (MDPI, 2025) Koziara-Ciupa, Marta; Trojak-Goluch, Anna
    Polyploidisation is a very common phenomenon in the plant kingdom and plays a key role in plant evolution and breeding. It promotes speciation and the extension of biodiversity. It is estimated that approximately 47% of flowering plant species are polyploids, derived from two or more diploid ancestral species. In natural populations, the predominant methods of whole-genome multiplication are somatic cell polyploidisation, meiotic cell polyploidisation, or endoreduplication. The formation and maintenance of polyploidy is accompanied by a series of epigenetic and gene expression changes, leading to alterations in the structural, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of polyploids relative to diploids. This article provides information on the mechanisms of formation of natural and synthetic polyploids. It presents a number of examples of the effects of polyploidisation on the composition and content of secondary metabolites of polyploids, providing evidence of the importance of the phenomenon in plant adaptation to the environment, improvement of wild species, and crops. It aims to gather and systematise knowledge on the effects of polyploidisation on plant physiological traits, including stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), light saturation point (LSP), as well as the most important photosynthetic parameters determining biomass accumulation. The text also presents the latest findings on the adaptation of polyploids to biotic and abiotic stresses and explains the basic mechanisms of epigenetic changes determining resistance to selected stress factors.
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    The Expression of Genes Involved in Synthesis of Bitter Acids and Xanthohumol and the Content of These Compounds in Aroma and Bitter Hop under Reduced Nitrogen Fertilisation
    (MDPI, 2024) Czubacka, Anna; Skomra, Urszula; Agacka-Mołdoch, Monika; Koziara-Ciupa, Marta
    Hop (Humulus lupulus) is cultivated for industrial purposes, primarily for brewing, but also for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. The hop cones are valued for their secondary metabolites, including bitter acids and prenylflavonoids. The objective of the presented study was to investigate the impact of reducing nitrogen fertilisation on the activity of genes involved in the production of bitter acids and xanthohumol in cultivars Lubelski (aroma) and Magnat (bitter) grown in the field. Furthermore, the content of these compounds was determined. The results demonstrated that the majority of studied genes were expressed at a similar level despite the reduction in the nitrogen dose by 25–30%. Nitrogen dose influenced the activity of genes BCAT2, HS1, and PAL. Moreover, the differences in gene expression were observed between cultivars and developmental stages. The reduction in nitrogen dose did not result in a reduction in secondary metabolite content. The content of alpha and beta acids in Magnat was approximately 14.8% and 3.2%, respectively, while in Lubelski it was approximately 7.7% and 5.8%, respectively. The content of xanthohumol in both cultivars was approximately 0.7%.