Reyes-Rojas, JessicaMontagne, DavidSaby, Nicolas P. A.Coblinski, João AugustoPindral, SylwiaMedina-Roldán, EduardoLorenzetti, RominaScammacca, OttonePiccini, ChiaraBorůvka, LubošCornu, Sophie2025-10-232025-10-232025-10-22Reyes-Rojas, J., D. Montagne, N. P. A. Saby, et al. 2025. “ Review of Soil Threats and Soil-Related Ecosystem Services European Maps: Can We Use Them to Study Their Relationships?.” European Journal of Soil Science 76, no. 5: e70215. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.70215.ISSN: 1351-0754. eISSN: 1365-238910.1111/ejss.70215https://bc.iung.pl/handle/123456789/3303The scientific concepts of soil threats (STs) and soil-related ecosystem services (SESs) are gaining importance and are fueling the debate on natural resources management and decision-making within the EU. The literature reports numerous assessments of individual STs and SESs at the European scale. However, a comprehensive overview of the patterns emerging from the relationships between STs and SESs is still lacking, which restricts the ability to limit soil degradation and its impact on SESs. In this article, we provide an in-depth analysis of existing European maps for three STs (soil organic carbon loss, erosion, and compaction) and four SESs (climate regulation and carbon sequestration, hydrological control, biomass production, and erosion control) and the feasibility of combining them to study their relationships. At the EU-level, 37 maps for these STs and 17 for these SESs were encountered. With the notable exception of erosion, these maps differ considerably in their conceptualization of STs and SESs, and in the indicators, methods, and databases used to assess them. In the current situation, the combination of individual maps of STs and SESs to study their relationships is rarely possible. Besides these limitations, we identify possible combinations and provide recommendations aimed at improving the compatibility between different STs/SESs maps. We conclude that there is a need for a more robust framework for conceptualizing STs/SESs and for systematically and precisely specifying the chosen indicators.enassessmentindicatorsmapsoil ecosystem servicessoil threatsArticle